Explain and Evaluate Two Approaches to Explaining Moral Development Essay Example for Free

Explain and Evaluate Two Approaches to Explaining Moral Development Essay Moral development is what we consider to be right, wrong, good or bad. It is developed from infancy through to adulthood and is the principles we use to determine what is right or wrong, fair or unfair. Each individual has their own understanding of what morality is, however generally this is determined largely by the culture or society we live in and the rules that we conform to within this society. In psychology there are many theories around the beliefs of moral development, and how morality is developed from childhood to adulthood. The reason for the different theories is due to the methods, ways of study adopted by the psychologists to study human behaviour. These theories allow us to compare and gives us the opportunity to take into consideration all views and ideas and not to settle for just one argument or approach around this subject. (http://www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/97420082403.pdf) The aim of this assignment is look at the two different approaches to moral development, firstly the cognitive explanation to moral development by Jean Piaget. Then moving on to the social learning theory, and Bandura’s contribution to how morality develops. Criticisms of these theories will be discussed and evaluations based on the two studies will be made. Piaget was the first psychologist to study cognitive development in children. His work dates back to 1932 and his findings stated that morality develops through childhood and adolescence. He believed that children pass through different levels of morality according to their cognitive development. Piaget conducted a number of experiments and from these tests concluded that children up to the age of three or four could not make moral judgements as they were not able to understand rules at this age. He stated, if the children were unable to understand the rules and that they were breaking then they were unable to make moral judgements. He believed that once children could understand the rules, and that they were breaking them then this was the age that moral development began. From his research, this started at the age of about eight years old. Woods B, (2004 pg.72) Piaget believed that moral development in children of this age takes place in two stages. Stage one- heterononmous morality described as morality imposed from outside. This is when children see the rules as been made by parents, teachers or God and that they are unchangeable. Morality at this stage is based on moral punishment, you do something wrong and you will be punished. This stage is described by Piaget as the pre-operational stage of development where the child is only able to make his judgement based on the consequence of the action. The second stage- Autonomous morality described as morality which is based on the child’s own rules is apparent when the child is able to decentre and distinguish the intent behind the action along with the consequence of the action. It is the stage at which children are able to understand that rules are flexible to change and according to the situation. Woods B, (2004 pg.72) From Piagets experiments he was able to conclude that morality is based on the amount of cognitive development, how intelligent one is. The strengths of Piaget’s theory are that whilst conducting his experiments he did focus on children alone as learners. He contributed hugely to our understanding of education and believed that this was the key to saving our society. Piaget’s moral theory was described by his experiment with children that involved rules whilst playing a game of marbles. Children under the age of five showed they had no rules, children aged between ages 5-10 saw the rules as fixed and children 10 and above realised the rules and also adopted them by mutual consent. Moral dilemmas were also presented to children by Piaget to develop his theory further. He gave children a pair of stories where there first child deliberately caused a small amount of damage due to his actions. The second child caused much more damage but his actions were a result of an accident. Piaget asked the children to describe which character deserved to be punished in his attempt to understand children’s reasoning in their answers. His conclusion from his experiment was that younger children focused more on consequences, whilst the older ones took into consideration intent. From Piaget’s theory we have a greater understanding on the influence of mental processes on behaviour, we have greater understanding on perception and thinking. Along with the above, Piagets theory has had practical benefits such learning skills to improve memory and improving problem solving skills. Dwyer D Charles C (2006 pg318) Both of the above experiments have been criticised. Other theorists have claimed that games of marbles do not represent a childs entire perception of morality. Piagets use of moral dilemmas has also been criticised. It has been claimed that younger children only focused on consequences because the story was narrated, however the results may not have been the same if the stories were watched on video. Younger children may have been better able to consider intentions if they were. Other theorists conducting similar research found that, although younger children had some conception of intent, they still preferred to judge in terms of consequences because they found this easier. Piagets theory has also been criticised to be culture specific. It has been said that it is based on moral universals. It has been claimed that the moral development of children in non western cultures may differ from that of the children Piaget investigated. (http://everything2.com/title/Piaget%2527s+theory+of+m oral+development) Critics of Piaget’s theory have also stated that his research was not very scientific, that his findings were biased as he worked alone. Researchers conducting scientific experiments need to have two or more observers; Piaget observed and noted his findings alone. He was criticised for making generalisations with his findings by being culture specific and not taking into account background, tradition and upbringing of each child. An example of this is using clinical interviews to study the thinking of children. His sample size was criticised for being too small and did not give much consideration to social understanding. Due to all the criticisms above regarding Piagets work we can evaluate his theory as weak hence leading to errors in his conclusions. Haralambos M Rice D. (pg 522). Social learning theory approach to moral development is based on the idea that moral development happens as a result of observing and imitation. Albert Bandura 1977 studied this concept and came up with findings that concluded that children learn through recognition, reward and punishment. Social learning theorist, focus particularly on observational learning, imitation, recognition and reward. Woods B, (2004 pg. 126) Bandura conducted a number of experiments observing children’s behaviour towards an inflatable doll also called a Bobo doll. The children were separated into groups and the first watched an adult behaving aggressively towards this blown up inflatable doll. This was the aggressive model conditioning. The second group of children, the adult played with the other toys and was the non aggressive model condition. Along with a control group, which included children from the group who had witnessed an adult being violent and aggressive towards the Bobo doll. This group was then left in a room with a number of toys but not allowed to play with them in an attempt to build up the children’s frustration. The children were later left in a room and results were noted. The children who witnessed the adult being aggressive towards the Bobo doll imitated this behaviour and those from the non aggressive model displayed lower levels of aggression and violence, hence showing that children learn through imitation. (http://psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/bobo-doll-experiment.htm) Bandura also believed that children learn from their social environment, this he believed provides models of behaviour and expectations of appropriate behaviour. He believed that children learn through observation, imitation and reinforcement which are all closely linked. Woods B, (2004 pg. 126) Along with Piaget’s theory, Bandura’s theory also has its criticisms. Bandura’s social learning theory takes into consideration cognitive learning but concentrates more upon the idea that morality is developed through positive reinforcement, imitation and the social environment. Woods B, (2004 pg. 71) When evaluating Bandura’s, experiment in attempt to understanding moral development, it is important to point out that the experiments were conducted in a laboratory and hence the results may not be true in the real world. Critics have also pointed out that there may be selection bias as the children in the experiment were all from the same socio economic background, making the results invalid and not true to society. The long term effect of this experiment is not known as the results were noted immediately, and the reality is very different to an experiment. Even though the children displayed violent behaviour towards the doll this does not prove that they would be violent towards another person. The children could also have demonstrated this behaviour to please the adult, again making the findings of this experiment inaccurate. (http://psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/bobo-doll-experiment.htm) The aim of this essay was to explain and evaluate Piaget and Bandura’s theory. Both the theorists have contributed to understanding of moral development in today’s society and both equally face criticisms to their work. The main aspects that have been pointed out and open to attack are that both Bandura and Piaget have given little consideration to feelings, culture and religious beliefs. There sample was small not allowing general conclusions and findings to be widely acceptable. There experiments have been attacked for not being scientific. They failed to recognise that moral development has different content and meaning in different cultures and moral judgement is hugely influenced by society’s common law and traditions. Parents role and child nourishment are vital in how children and adolescents develop morally. Both Piaget and Bandura failed to take these important points into consideration when conducting their research. Piaget has studied cognitive development and his contributions are invaluable in the development of today education and the human development theory. Bandura looked more at social learning model one is amongst one of the most influential psychologists of our time. (http://www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/97420082403.pdf)

Effective Teaching Essay -- Teaching Education Philosophy

Effective Teaching Many individuals believe that being a teacher is an easy task. Our society believes that any person can become a teacher. But experience has shown that not everyone is capable of being a teacher. There are many personality traits that are required to be an effective teacher. The role that a teacher provides for the students is very important to the advancement of general knowledge and higher learning. An effective teacher has the power to shape and mold the lives of young children. They have knowledge of their subject; are very organized and clear with their students; and they show great warmth and enthusiasm. An effective teacher knows the subject and content they plan to teach. A teacher who knows more about their subject can make clearer presentations and recognize the student’s difficulty more readily. (Woolfolk, 2004) They are better prepared to answer the student’s questions without having to be vague with their answers. The less vague the teacher is the more the students learn. It is important for the teacher to know the students background as well. Knowing the child’s home life benefits the teacher by knowing how to punish or reward in order to keep the student from being punished even more at home. Effective teachers know how each student learns and what each student likes and dislikes. This enables the teacher to use the Premack principle. There are several strategies of teaching material to students, including cooperative learning, direct teaching, and mastery learning. The teacher determines which way the students learn best and ap plies the specific strategy. Knowing how to transform content knowledge into examples, explanations, illustrations... ...world. Without teachers individuals would not have the opportunity to get the required education they need for a career. I plan to be an effective teacher by being knowledgeable, organized, and enthusiastic. Sources Cited Dodd, Anne Wescott and Jean L. Konzal. (2002). "How Communities Build Stronger Schools: Stories, Strategies, and Promising Practices for Educating Every Child." (MN, RM 371.19 D661H 2002) Minor, Lynn C. et. al (2002). "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHER EFFICACY AND BELIEFS ABOUT EDUCATION AMONG PRESERVICE TEACHERS" Valdosta State University Available: http://www.msstate.edu/org/msera/arc2002.htm Woolfolk, Anita. (2004). Educational psychology (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Yost, D.S., & Mosca, F.J. (2002). Beyond behavior strategies: Using reflection to successfully manage youth in crisis. The Clearing House, 75(5), 264-267.

Red Dog Film

How does Red Dog Use The Distinctively Visual to Present Unique Australian Ideas of Mateship?The film â€Å"Red Dog†, directed by Kriv Stenders, effectively uses the distinctly visual to present unique Australian ideas of mateship and the harshness of the Australian outback. It is though film techniques such as camera shots, sound, colour and lighting that creates the distinct images of the Australian identity.A number of different factors combined create this great film demonstrating the typical Australian values. These include the setting, the comedic script, nostalgic elements, the love story and the pure ‘Australianness’ of the story and its characters. The film highlights the harshness of the Australian outback as well as the natural beauty of the region that serves as a scenic background for the close friendship in rural, working communities. However it is more than just a scenic backdrop, it is a landscape that portrays issues of very real threat of isolati on, starvation and death in the vast dry rural landscape. In â€Å"Red Dog†, the danger of the outback is demonstrated by John Grant’s sudden death on the desert road.In the opening sequence of the film, aerial shots are used to establish the setting and show the vastness of the landscape and the harshness of the environment. Many sound effects of bees, flies and crickets are heard by the audience as Thomas walks to the bar, to indicate that the area around is a dry arid landscape.The film represents the hot, harsh Australian outback through the use of colour and lighting. In particular, the colour of the dust (rustic red or orange) is an iconic and distinctly Australian outback colour. It symbolises the relentless heat in the outback. The degree of intensity is the strong blocks of red that is established in this scene. The bright colours and lighting and high saturation (strong colours) shows how stark the environment or heat is as well as the brightness of the sun. The orange or red tinges highlight the heat. Throughout the whole film, these ‘warmer’ colours have been used to resemble Western Australia, one of the hottest, driest parts of Australia. The colours make the terrain look dry, hot, barren and somewhat isolated.In Red Dog’s death scene, long shots are used to let the audience view the Australian outback terrain. This part of the scene opens up with an extreme long shot, highlighting the isolation that exists in the Pilbara and emphasises the vastness of this land. The film effectively provides a realistic portrayal of the harsh Australian outback through distinctly visual techniques such as camera shots, sound, colour and lighting.The familiar Australian bush-story theme of mateship, loyalty and respect between man and dog, a traditional identity of Australian life, is conveyed in â€Å"Red Dog†. The director uses skilful camera and visual techniques to portray this stereotypical value of mateship. The dire ctor uses an anthropomorphic approach through the anthropomorphism in his representation of â€Å"Red Dog†.This can be seen when the character Jack begins to explain Red Dog to Thomas and states â€Å"It’s not what he did but who he was†. This has the effect of privileging Red Dog as equal to Jack and everyone else. This also gives Red Dog an identity. He is not just some dog that they all loved, he had developed a personality and the townspeople understood Red Dog. Red Dog is a mate of the townspeople.Red Dog is a story about mateship, especially in the isolation of this big harsh country. It is a story about a man and his dog, or a dog and his master, told through the lens of mateship. The Australian notion of mateship is highlighted when Joko suggests that they erect a statue to â€Å"somebody who lives and breathes desolation, somebody that has red dust stuck up their nose and in their eyes and in their ears and up their arses!Mates who are loyal by nature no design†¦ somebody that represents the Pilbara in all of us and I say that somebody, dammit, IS A DOG!† It is also depicted in the line â€Å"More than a man’s best friend. A mate to the entire community†. The unique Australian idea of mateship between dog and human is a key theme in Red Dog which is reflected using distinctively visual techniques.Unique Australian ideas of mateship and the harshness of the Australian outback are presented through the use of the distinctly visual in Stenders’s film â€Å"Red Dog†. The director captures these Australian identities by using skilful camera and visual techniques, creating a film shaped with meaning and life.

Risk Management And Management Plan - 977 Words

Risk management and need for a risk management plan. Risk is a threat of destruction, injury, liability loss or any other negative incident caused by external or internal environments. Risk is unpredicted and nobody can guess it might happen in the near future. All of the projects exist risk and the project manager is responsible to identify those risk, which is a part of risk management planning process. Risk management is the procedure of distinguishing risk and reduce risk level. The risk management methodology decides the actions, strategies, instruments, and group parts and obligations regarding a particular task. A good risk management suggests control of possible future destruction and precautions for that risk. The risk management plan represents how administration will be organized and performed on the venture. As a management procedure, risk management is utilized to identify and preserve a strategic distance from the potential cost, timetable, and implementation or specialized dangers to a framework, take a proactive and org anized way to deal with negative results. The risk management approach and arrangement operationalize these administration objectives. A risk management plan and a business are vital parts of the business coherence arrangement. By comprehension potential dangers to the business and discovering approaches to minimize their effects, this will help the business recuperate rapidly if an occurrence happens. In project management, there should beShow MoreRelatedManagement Plan For Risk Management810 Words   |  4 PagesRisk Management Risk management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. Risk management’s objective is to assure uncertainty does not deflect the endeavor from the business goals. Risks can come from various sources: e.g., uncertainty in financial markets, threats from project failuresRead MoreRisks And Risk Management Plan1240 Words   |  5 PagesRisk Management Plan Introduction An important part any project is to identify risks and to determine how to address said risks. In this paper, I will identify 10 risks that could occur during the making of Coleman Covenant Studios. I will also assess and address each risk in detail. Although I am hopeful the completion of this project will happen with minimal negative risks, I do realize hope is not a plan. For this reason, this risk management plan is in place to acknowledge and prepare forRead MorePlan Risk And Risk Management Plan1708 Words   |  7 Pages 342), Plan risk response â€Å"†¦ is the process of developing options and actions to enhance opportunities and to reduce threats to project objectives.† This is a link of project risk management during which the PM and the project team can use the analysis result from prior assessments and choose the effective risk management strategy. By planning risk response, the project’s risks can be addressed with their priority, insert resources , and activities, and put into the triple constrains plans if neededRead MoreRisk Management Plan1021 Words   |  5 Pages MANAGE RISK BSBRSK501B RISK REVIEW PROJECT ASSESSMENT 3 Introduction According to data analyzed and evaluated from Hurley’s cafà © risk review to create a monitoring plan for risks. The audit investigated the status of the planned actions on the risks identified below. Plan No. Risk Plan implemented 1 Manager`s travel risk Install the teleconferencing system Planned. The weekly management meetings finish at about 3:00pm as planned. 2 Banking risk Out 5000Read MoreThe Risk Management Plan659 Words   |  3 PagesRisk Management In order to maximize the risks of security for the information system, there are five pillars: protection, detection, reaction, documentation, and prevention. Each pillar has its own function in the risk management plan. It takes all five pillars for a successful risk management plan to work. Protection is the first and most crucial step. (Ameri, 2004) Protection is the plan to clearly define and precisely know what is being protected, how to plan for protection, and the overallRead MoreRisk Management Plan2105 Words   |  9 PagesU03a1 Risk Management Best Practices Derrick Evans Capella University BMGT8434 Advanced Risk Management Systems and Research January 24, 2013 Professor Schneider Project Risk Plan Executive Summary HESU Global’s (pseudo named) PMO in conjunction with the Business Continuity Department will develop and implement the risk management approach. Organizational assets and support for the project will be directed and managed by business continuity. An exampleRead MoreRisk Management Plan2518 Words   |  11 PagesRISK MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR Australian Open 2009 ESTABLISHING CONTEXT The Australian Open tennis began in 1905, when The Australasian Tennis Championships were first staged at the Warehouseman s Cricket Ground in St Kilda Rd, Melbourne. Until tennis Open era began in 1968, the Australian Championships were held in many different states, and at many different venues around Australia. With the ushering in of Open tennis, the name was changed to the Australian Open, and by 1972, the NationalRead MoreRisk Management Plan617 Words   |  2 PagesRISK MANAGEMENT PLAN E-SOLUTIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 2 TOP THREE RISKS 2 RISK MANAGEMENT APPROACH 2 RISK IDENTIFICATION 3 RISK QUALIFICATION 3 RISK MONITORING 3 INTRODUCTION Risk management is the process of identifying analyzing and developing appropriate steps to take in dealing with them. The process is primarily left to the project manager but it was decided during planning that risk managers will be appointed. Negative risk that may result in project failureRead MoreProject Risk Management Plan1382 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Project Risk Management Plan PM/584 July 14, 2014 Project Risk Management Plan The purpose of the risk management plan is to identify any event or condition that may occur which could have a positive or negative affect on the project. Risks management is the process of identifying, assessing, responding to, monitoring, and reporting risks. The Risks Management Plan will define how risks associated with the Baderman Island Casino Hotel project will be identified, analyzedRead MoreRisk Management Plan For A Risk Assessment879 Words   |  4 PagesThe goal of a risk assessment is to figure out all of the risks and vulnerabilities there are, or could possibly be within a business. The goal of a risk management plan is to then figure out how to mitigate those risks and vulnerabilities to lessen the impact on the business if ever one should arise. Creating a plan helps not only to identify any risks, but also helps to choose the best solutions available to mitigate those risks. If a risk management plan is not created and implemented, there