William Shakespeare s Hamlet - 1356 Words

Matthew Macioch Ms. Yulico English 101 30 December 2015 In William Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet, it is clearly evident Prince Hamlet is overcome with â€Å"madness† due to his father’s murder and other malicious actions taken against him. Throughout the play, there are many examples of how Hamlet displays his insanity due to certain situations he experiences and how he handles them. Hamlet shows his madness through the killing of Polonius, his treatment of Ophelia, his thoughts of suicide, and the treatment of his mother Gertrude. The first example of Hamlet’s obvious madness is the killing of Polonius. â€Å"After the closet scene, the Queen comes to speak to Claudius. She tells him, as Hamlet has asked her to, which he, Hamlet is mad, and has†¦show more content†¦Gertrude realizes Hamlet’s madness after this and speaks to Claudius about it. Hamlet is so paranoid that he kills the once love of his lives father and doesn’t even feel guilty about it even after he finds o ut who it truly was behind that curtain. Another example of how Hamlet is truly insane is his treatment of Ophelia. â€Å"Others argue that Prince Hamlet goes over the edge into madness at times during the play. His treatment of Ophelia, a woman he had loved, is extremely cruel, and driver her to insanity and then death either though a mad accident or suicide.† (Shakespeare)Throughout the play Hamlet’s treatment of Ophelia worsens. Ophelia was once Hamlet’s girlfriend and true love. After Ophelia randomly ends her relationship with Hamlet, Hamlet won’t accept it and starts to change his attitude towards her. Hamlet starts to use harsh language towards Ophelia and questions her decision many times. Hamlet doesn’t respect Ophelia and her decisions and thinks she’s a phony and has been throughout their entire relationship. Because of this, Hamlet begins to go mad and behaves mad, Due to Hamlet’s treatment and behavior Ophelia also begins to show signs of being mad and later this drives her to commit suicide. Hamlet also shows the theme of his madness after the killing of Polonius and his treatment of Ophelia by spreading his madness over to Ophelia. â€Å"The gentle

No need for topic Example

Essays on No need for topic Essay Finance and Accounting While making any investment decisions regarding the purchase of stock from any company, it is always prudent to conduct a background check on the financial viability of the investment choice one makes while purchasing these stock. For purpose of this study, we will be assessing the viability of purchasing stock from seven companies; Coca-Cola, Twitter Inc., Toyota Motor, Bank of America Corp, Amazon.com Inc., Schlumberger NV and Intel Corp. This will be based on the company’s five year financial overview from Yahoo Finance. The last financial year saw the net income of Coca-Cola drop by 4% to $2.68 translating to 59 cents per share with the company’s revenues slipping by 3% to $12.75 billion. Additionally, the shares for the company have continuously underperformed in the past 52 weeks which is a clear indicator of depression. Despite this, I decided to invest in the company owing to the fact that the brand is a global powerhouse which allows the brand charge premium prices for its products. Additionally, the fat that the company continues to invest in emerging markets with high prospects o generating revenues and the company generating over $4 billion in operating cash flow is enough indicator for future growth. In the case of twitter Inc. the company’s shares at the end of 2013 was $63.65 with the shares trading well over $70, and later coming down to around $55 with the company later gaining 5% to hit $63.75 presents clear indicators of the company’s stocks providing greater returns in future hence the stocks are viable to buy. In the case of Toyota Motor Corp, with the 52 week range being between $118.95-$119.98 with a price to equity ratio of 18.55 and dividend of $2.53 translating to a yield of 2.0%, Toyota Motor Corp is arguably growing faster than both Apple, Amazon.com and Google all combined together. It is the profit potential confidence that makes me invest in this company. With a pretax income $16.17 billion signifying a high rise compared to 3.07 Billion realized during the previous financial year and 11.43 Billion net incomes compared to 4.19 Billion realized during the previous financial year, the Bank of America Corp has shown resilience in its growth. Additionally, the fact that the net income available to common shareholders continue to grow is a great indicator of future prospects of more profit for the company. Despite Amazon performing poorly two years ago, the stocks of the company have continued to rise quickly. This we can partly attribute to the fact that the company has proved to be amongst the best tech investment opportunities. Amongst the reasons I will be buying the stocks at Amazon include the success Kindle has realized in terms of sales revenue, the success with which the company has been able to employ the use of ecommerce and the willingness of the company to spend on research and development and to experiment. With revenues of approximately $46, 459, a net income of $6,732 and earnings per share of 5.05, Schlumberger NV seems to be financially healthy. The fact that the company is able to produce healthy returns to the investors is the mail reason I invested there. In the case of Intel Corp, with a market capitalization of about $120 billion, and with 10 times trailing earnings, there is expectations of moderate growth in earnings per share and a five year PEG ratio of 0.9, Intel is an income stock hence the reason to invest there.

The Future of Work Motivation Theory Free Essays

Introduction to Special Topic Forum: The Future of Work Motivation Theory Author(s): Richard M. Steers, Richard T. Mowday, Debra L. We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of Work Motivation Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shapiro Source: The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Jul. , 2004), pp. 379-387 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/20159049 . Accessed: 25/04/2011 09:09 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp. JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=aom. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor. org. Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Academy of Management Review. http://www. jstor. org ? Academy o? Management Review 2004, Vol. 29, No. 3, 379-387. INTRODUCTIONTO SPECIAL TOPIC FORUM THEFUTURE WORKMOTIVATION OF THEORY RICHARDM. STEERS RICHARD T. MOWDAY University o? Oregon DEBRA L. SHAPIRO University of Maryland motivation The topic of employee plays a cen tral role in the field of management? both prac see motiva and theoretically. tically Managers tion as an part of the performance integral equation searchers block at all see re levels, while organizational it as a fundamental building been. an overview This introduction represents of the field of work motivation from a theoretical and lays the foundation for the arti standpoint cles The that the Latin on this (mover?. Building as â€Å"the motivation Atkinson defines concept, on direc influence (immediate) contemporary for movement follow. 2 term motivation derives from word in the development of useful theories of effective the Indeed, management practice. of the sub many topic of motivation permeates the study of management, fields that compose man teams, performance including leadership, decision ethics, m aking, It is not surprising, change. so much that this topic has received over the past several in both decades journals and management periodicals. xam recent articles have several work far we have come in researching agement, managerial and organizational therefore, attention research Whereas of action† tion, vigor, and persistence (1964: 2), while it as â€Å"a process Vroom defines governing †¦ among choice made alternative by persons forms of voluntary (1964: 6). Campbell activity† and Pritchard that suggest motivation dependent the direction, has to do with a set of independent/ variable that explain relationships amplitude, and persistence of an ined how on where this special forum focuses motivation, we are going. That the questions: is, we ask is the future of work motivation What theories? are What the critical be that must questions if progress in the field is to be made? addressed is the future research What How can agenda? we or modify current models e xtend of work so they continue in the motivation to be relevant are entirely new models future? And where to further our understanding motivation needed of employee behavior and job performance contemporary organizations? To understand where the field first understand ever, we must is going, where how it has of in ndividual’s constant behavior, holding fects of aptitude, skill, and understanding task, and the constraints operating in the the ef of the envi ronment (1976: 63-130). These and other definitions have three com mon denominators. con They are all principally or events cerned with factors that energize, over time. and sustain human behavior channel, In various ways, of work theories contemporary motivation to explicate derive from efforts with increasing precision to determine terrelate how these behavior three factors in organizations. in EARLYDEVELOPMENTS IN MOTIVATION THEORY The earliest man motivation to understanding hu approaches date from the time of the Greek and focus on the concept of hedo We review cial are panel forum. indebted to the time staff and of AMR effort and to the editorial of this spe for their on behalf philosophers 2 1 For motivation, recent see reviews Kanfer of the research literature on work and For a more detailed examination see Pinder of the evolution Porter, of work and (1990), Mitchell (1997), Ambrose motivation Steers theories, (2003). (1998) and Bigley, Kulik (1999),and Mitchell and Daniels (2002). 379 380 Academy of Management Review July a principle force in behavior. driving seen as focusing were Individuals their efforts on seeking and avoiding This pleasure pain. was later refined and further devel principle in the works of philosophers like Locke, oped nism as Bentham, Mill, and eighteenth Toward issue and Helvetius, centuries. in the seventeenth nism of the past. outcomes would actions tend to this past would that led to positive tend to be repeated, whereas outcomes that led to negative Past actions Thorndike he end of the nineteenth the century, to migrate of motivation from the began to the newly realm of philosophy sci emerging ence of psychology. Challenges immediately arose over the use of hedonism as the basis for the study of motivation. donism had no that clear-cut were specification pleasurable or (1911) re of effect, while Hull was that effort or motivation (1943) suggested largely determined by drive X habit. Skin ner later built on these (1953) and others con with the introduction of op? rant principles to by some as reinforcement (referred ditioning ferred to diminish. s the law theories), arguing learn contingent and their that, over relationships and consequences future behavior. guide to thrive individuals time, actions between that these contin As Vroom explains, he of the painful, type or of even events how gencies models vehicles continue these events could be determined for a particular nor did it make clear how persons individual; of ways of attaining their conceptions acquired pleasure pain might the hedonistic or pain, or how be modified assumption the by or source of pleasure In short, experience. no empirical con has or understanding as well job performance, various management performance 2003). (e. g. , Komaki, While psychologists Reinforcement as explanatory today work motivation and as in the workplace in programs tent and was untestable (1964: 10). scientists search As a res ult, behavioral began to ex for more based models ing empirically plain motivation. were these early models instinct the Among as those proposed ories, such by James, Freud, and McDougall. Instead these rational, highly much behavior resulted as McDougall â€Å"an tion inherited which attention an or innate determined ere on in focusing were on stincts and drives, managers focusing more pragmatic issues. A key development here was the work of Frederick and his col Taylor move in the scientific management leagues ment. industrial engineering of (1911), along with many background, Taylor on the in his associates, focused his attention in an increas efficiencies of factory production Coming ingly posed industrialized a new and workers age. These colleagues pro to paternalistic approach that relied on a combination from an that argued from instinct, defined by f viewing theorists behavior as psychological its possessor of a certain excitement predisposi to perceive, of an class, a part ic object, manner to or pay experience ular quality and to act to, objects emotional upon in regard such perceiving to it in a particular (1908: 4). James cluded jealousy, identified a list of such instincts sociability, that in managing of job training, incentive pay-for-performance tech selection systems, employee improved and the intro niques, job redesign, including duction of ergonomics. Far from being exploit saw ative in intent, Taylor and his associates as an economic to scientific boon management the use both workers and management through in of improved manufacturing techniques, re and creased shared operating efficiency, the subsequent rise of an in workforce, creasingly sophisticated coupled to maximize with efforts company productivity re without increasing simultaneously employee wards. However, to discredit served this sys wards, eventually to the widespread rise of unioniza tem, leading in the 1930s. ion efforts social scientists and managers Meanwhile, to consider the role of social influences began on behavior in the 1930s. The role of group dy as com to view employees namics and the need plex beings ences were with multiple as recognized motivational powerful influ influences locomotion, curiosity, and sympathy. fear, as in around the 1920s, however, Beginning to creased of the theory limitations began to be replaced instinct theories emerge, began on d rive or reinforcement. Led based by models as Thorndike, Wood by such psychologists worth, the theorists introduced and Hull, drive in motivated of learning and behavior or fu that decisions concerning present posited are ture behaviors influenced largely by the concept with past of rewards associated consequences to this as hedo behavior. (1954) referred Allport 2004 Steers, Mowday, and Shapiro 381 re these Best noted among performance. are Mayo’s and Roeth search endeavors (1933) Bendix and Dickson’s (1939) works. isberger of this contribution summarized the principle movement that human relations by observing as human to treat workers the â€Å"failure beings on came poor in and, thus, has found considerable popularity on individual to work factors relating research motivation. and their col While Maslow and McClelland on the role of individual differ focused leagues in motivation, (1966; Herzberg, Herzberg to under Snyderman, Mausner, 1959) sought activities how work of and the nature s tand and performance. ne’s job influence motivation ar In his motivation-hygiene theory, Herzberg is largely influenced that work motivation gued a job is intrinsically to which the extent chal by for recogni and provides opportunities lenging saw the con tion and reinforcement. Herzberg a job (which he referred text surrounding to as as being in far more factors) temporal hygiene terms of leading to satisfaction and future moti vation. Herzberg deserves credit for introducing the field to the role of job design? specifically, a key factor in work motiva job enrichment? s tion and Hackman extended work job attitudes. and Oldham this line of In subsequent work, have (1976) and others as it relates to research ences to be regarded craftsmanship, as the cause of low morale, and con unresponsiveness, fusion† (1956:294). McGregor (1960) later built on this in his classic early work, The Human Side mo been prin with of Enterprise. new models of work By the 1950s, several tiva tion emerged, have which collectively to as conten? since their referred theories, to identify aim was factors associated cipal is Maslow’s here motivation. Included need (1954) that, as suggests hierarchy theory, which their way individuals up a develop, they work on the fulfillment of a series of based hierarchy needs, including physiological, and esteem, security, belongingness, that the first Maslow self-actualization. argued on the list represent three needs deficiency before needs that people must master they can into a healthy while the personality, develop to two represent needs that relate growth of and the development achievement individual human Alderfer (1972) later adapted potential. o encompass exis this model just three needs: last tence, relatedness, A second need introduced growth. theory of the same (1938) but more by Murray and era, first prioritized safety and and motivation, design, job performance, Deci while others, (1975; Ryan Deci, including theories 2000), have articulated focusing specif versus on task-based intrinsic extrinsic ically in motivation factors (e. g. , self-determination theory). fully de veloped by McClelland (1961, 1971), ignored the THE â€Å"GOLDENAGE† OF WORK MOTIVATION THEORIES n the mid to 1960s, a new approach Beginning the study of work motivation which emerged, on delineating focused the processes underly contrast Process theories ing work motivation. content with the earlier theories, which sharply on identifying focused factors associated with in a relatively motivation static environment. view work motivation Process theorists from a dynamic tionships to human and look for causal rela perspective across as they relate time and events in the workplace. ehavior to the process is a series Central theory genre of cognitive motivation theories of that collec to understand the thought pro tively attempt cesses in determining that people go through to behave theories on and focused instead of a hierarchy concept of an array of distinct the motivational potency achieve defined and clearly needs, including and autonomy. McClel ment, affiliation, power, at any give n individuals land argued time, that, that often needs several possess competing serve to motivate when activated. This behavior contrasts notion of a steady pro with Maslow’s over time up a hypothetical gression hierarchy as individuals grow and mature. By far, most of on in McClelland’s model focused the attention (defined as behavior of with a standard directed toward competition as a need to and power excellence) (defined over one’s environment). have control McClel the needs for achievement a land’s conceptualization offered researchers as they related to set of clearly needs defined to Maslow’s in contrast behavior, workplace more abstract for conceptualizations (e. g. , need versus achievement need for self-actualization) n the workplace. In our view, the the late 1960s and generated during 1970s make this period of a early something theories. Never â€Å"golden age† of work motivation never since has before and, some would argue, how 382 Academy of Management Review July in explicating been made the progress of work motivation. etiology best known of the cognitive theories Perhaps is expectancy (or expectancy-valence) theory. from the early work Expectancy theory derives saw be of Lewin (1938) and Tolman (1959), who havior based as purposeful, on conscious and largely goal directed, intentions. Vroom (1964) pre formulation of ex systematic o much several models emerging ences on work motivation of cross-cultural influ and job performance of 1982; Earley, 1997; Steers (Bhagat McQuaid, 2001; Triandis, Sanchez-Runde, 1995). to expectancy In addition theory, a number other theories of work moti important cognitive vation have been since the 1960s, developed its own focus. Adams each with (1963), for exam ple, how em equity theory to explain both cognitively and behavior ployees respond to perceived in the workplace unfairness ally Colwell, 2003, and Weick, (see also Mowday introduced sented the first to the workplace. ectancy theory as it related He argued that employees tend to rationally various evaluate work behaviors on-t he-job those be harder) and then choose (e. g. , working haviors believe will lead to their most val they ued work-related rewards and outcomes the attractiveness Thus, promotion). ular task and the energy invested a great deal on the extent pend employee to valued Porter believes outcomes. and its accomplishment (e. g. , a of a partic in it will de to which the will lead Maruyama, that 1976). Adams Bougon, argued both conditions of underpayment and overpay can ment influence behavior. Re subsequent cent work on procedural and distributive justice further develops this area using the fundamen tal concept of equity and its consequences (Cro Rupp, 2003; Folger, 1986; Greenberg, panzano McFarlin, 1993; Sweeney 1993). in the late Goal-setting theory also emerged as researchers to discover that the 1960s, began simple hanced Steers showed goal act of specifying en for behavior targets task performance 1968, 1996; (Locke, in this arena Porter, 1974). Research and specificity, goal difficulty, to enhance each served task on numerous Based empirical Lawler Vroom’s (1968) expanded to recognize the role of individual initial work differences abilities and skills) (e. g. , employee in linking and role clarity job job effort to actual Porter and performance. the relationship between Lawler also clarified and sub performance that this relation satisfaction, sequent arguing of the ship is mediated by the extent and quality in exchange receive rewards for employees job performance. a Finally, feedback that goal commitment Porter and to recog incorporated loop nize learning about past relation by employees in the That is, if superior ships. erformance to lead to superior failed future rewards, past effort may suffer as incentives and the employee in the employee’s reward system lose credibility good Lawler eyes. performance. Locke and Latham studies, (1990) subsequently a formal theory of goal setting. proposed Earley a time dimension to and Erez (1991) later added this Rosse topic by on examining motivation, the role of c ognitive and processing while Crown a number its initial of Since publication, or further refine to extend have worked scholars to re the basic framework expectancy cognitive research and new theo flect emerging findings retical developments 1990; Mitch (e. . , Kanfer, For example, ell, 1997). expectancy theory has to study forms of work behavior been used other than job performance, ab including employee citizen and organizational turnover, senteeism, Porter, 1977; Mowday, (Mobley, ship behavior 1973; Steers, 1982; Organ, 1988; Porter Steers, have also Steers Rhodes, 1978). Researchers and social influences linked group expectations to individual decisions work motivation (Porter, Lawler, ancy Hackman, principles have basic expect 1975). Finally, into been incorporated the role of group goals, in (1995) examined on performance. o individual addition goals, of goal-setting Applications theory in the form of individual and team management-by-objectives are now used widely in prog rams throughout (Ambrose Kulik, 1999). dustry saw significant this period Finally, develop on the role of social ments focusing cognition on behavior and self-efficacy and performance as Bandura such researchers by leading a social Bandura (1977a,b, 1997). cog proposed nitive that self-confidence suggesting theory, to lies at the heart of an individual’s incentive a major act or to be proactive. fter Indeed, on social review of the research literature cog nition and self-efficacy, and Luthans Stajkovic for the (1998, 2003) found considerable support in determining role of self-efficacy work as moder related particularly performance, ated by task complexity and locus of control. 2004 Sfeers, Mowday, and Shapiro 383 Based posed place izational research, this extending a model through behavior. on this Luthans concept labeled (2001) has pro into the work positive organ An outside this situation in the subject cause it is no izations) observer that either rom conclude might we h ave lost interest be of work motivation (perhaps in organ issue longer a pressing or that we solved the work motivation the con con its RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN WORK MOTIVATION Many and 1970s and pool cated nessed of the have ideas emerging from the 1960s been subsequently to reflect an further developed and more of research findings research a series methods. extended thereby eliminating problem long ago, for additional work. Neither of these need seems the clusions On very plausible. economy, trary, and e-commerce, dot. oms, as the more ization (as well facturing is force and service in the new replete increased traditional a motivated a with global manu work Indeed, of refinements and extensions For expanded sophisti the 1980s wit of researchers existing example, in conceptual made great strides developments on social and empirical work learning focusing on in new work focusing theory, as they did systems, innovation and justice, punishment, procedural on work influences and cross- cultural creativity, behavior. interest However, by the 1990s, intellectual in work motivation least as mea theory? t goal-setting theory, job design, sured cline sider by journal precipitously. the number articles publications? seemed As evidence of theoretical of to de this, con to be reward theories. hallmark of frequently MIT econo Indeed, competitive advantage. over a de mist Lester Thurow (1992) observed cade that successful (and ago companies countries) principally nology vated will on compete the quality their human in the future their based tech of both resources. firms), as cited A moti and a critical workforce becomes strategic in such asset then, has Why, competition. so little intellectual there been focus activity we have ing on this important topic? Perhaps the breakthrough ideas that can yet to develop level of understanding. push us to the next on work mo While theoretical developments tivation in recent have declined may years, the world ? f work has changed dramat ically. one can argue that the past decade Indeed, has witnessed other than any are both Companies and expanding (often at downsizing or levels in different the same divisions time, is character of the hierarchy). The workforce ized by increased with diver diversity highly and demands. Information technol gent needs both the manner ogy has changed frequently and location tional forms of work (such now published over the past decade journals Kulik, 1999, or Mitchell find few articles that You will Daniels, 2002). in focus on genuine theoretical developments see minor area. exten will this Instead, you empirical) science havioral see Ambrose (e. g. , sions, tests, or applications empirical ing theories. While clearly helpful, to breakthrough leads developments of exist this hardly in our (as opposed in leading greater decade workplace in memory. changes of the principles understanding underlying work motivation. At the same of time, a review recent in the the most editions of textbooks field of management and organizational be havior that most of the theories dis reveals cussed date from the 1960s and 1970s, with to more recent work. references only fleeting curious that some early motivation (It is also theories been widely that have subsequently to permeate continue discredited such texts. ) In short, while of management other fields negotiations, tion design) decision (e. g. , leadership, making, and teams, and organiza groups to develop continue conceptually, substantive theoretical focus developments on work motivation have not kept pace. ng research activities. as those New found Teams organiza in e-com are re merce) are commonplace. as of hierarchy, distributions. of power is on the rise. Managing workers contingent to perplex continues workers expe knowledge across rienced managers industries. divergent And globalization of man and the challenges defining traditional the notion aging stead across borders are now the norm in of the exception. as well The use 3 See 2003) focusing a key strategic mance. a special on issue the asset o? Harvard Business Review (January as of employee motivation importance in competition and corporate perfor 84 Academy of Management Review July can have a profound These changes influence on how companies to attract, retain, and attempt motivate their employees. Yet we lack new mod in of guiding behavior capable managerial this new era of work. As Cappelli â€Å"Most notes, observers of the corporate world believe that the traditional between and relationship employer is gone, but there is little understand employee it ended and even is less about what ing of why els that relationship† We believe (1999: 1). our intellec to redirect time has come new models? and into discovering tual energies new models? f work motiva research toward commensurate tion and with job performance replacing that the this new era. tions work plete, mo re theories. more for developing complex motivation that are more valid, broader useful in scope, and, to practitioners theories of more com by implication, than existing In the second, Yitzhak Fried and Linda Haynes examine in which time factors can Slowik ways influence and job perfor processes goal-setting mance in work that organizations. They argue the addition of time as a key variable in goal and validity setting theory adds to its dynamism in helping in in behavior explain employee creasingly environments. omplex, continually evolving work THE ROAD AHEAD With this for papers motivation. in mind, in 2001 AMR issued a call on the topic of the future of work was A special seminar held at the Next, Myeong-Gu Seo, Lisa Feldman Barrett, and Jean M. Bartunek draw on both psychologi cal and neurobiological of core affec theories a set of direct and tive experiences to identify indirect paths affec through which work-related can influence tive feelings three dimensions of behavioral and direction, intensity, to direct In addition af influence, persistence. an also influence behavior fective experiences on goal level their effects indirectly, through and goal commitment, as well of motivation as on components judgment expectancy, utility, and progress. L. Ackerman Ruth Kanfer and Phillip then use to fa and adult development theories life-span an understanding cilitate of the implications of on workplace motivation. aging aging Although as leading to declining is generally viewed cog nitive these au and intellectual capabilities, thors argue that this view may be overly sim is a more that aging Instead, plistic. hey argue in which process, cognitive complex declining are accompanied in other abilities by growth intellectual of motives abilities, reorganization traits. and goals, and changing personality mo how aging influences Fully understanding a comprehensive tivation, therefore, requires com of the different and often understanding taking changes this, Naomi Following and S. Alexander Gilder, pensatory place. Ellemers, Haslam Dick de use self the key to relating outcomes: of the Academy of Manage 2001 annual meeting ment to stimulate in the interest and discussion to the call, researchers In response sub topic. ere mitted subse which papers, fifty-six of space reviewed. quently the journal, many papers worthy accommodated. However, following view six papers emerged cycles, offer new and useful ideas and future directions of the topic. What these for the theoretical In view could limitations not multiple that seem insights development of be re to into in common is a have papers on existing to build of effort theories genuine work motivation and extending by adapting con of the changing them to fit the realities is temporary Today’s workplace workplace. hort-term characterized by an increasingly variable, performance among increasing employ interdependence ees in some form of team (often manifested to affective responses evolving o rganization), the workplace value increasing experience, on the part of employees, conflicts and motive nature of the transitory and a clear recognition focus, of careers. time as a critical six papers a variety address our understanding The tivation Edwin A. Locke in this special issue appearing to advancing of issues critical of motivation theory and mo social pro categorization theory and identity cesses to examine in which ndividual the ways to determine interact work and group processes in organizations motivation. The fact that work around increasingly organized to understand it is important gests influence how work is teams how sug groups The first paper, by on focuses P. Latham, on work moti of metatheories the development six recommenda vation. These authors present in the workplace. and Gary motivation. Their paper can have in groups participation explores a power 2004 Steers, Mowday, and Shapiro 385 on motivation ful influence can be understood what by on individual-level effects. Finally, Hugo lines of research the influences and bove focusing and beyond Crown, D. F. , Rosse, J. G. 1995. Yours, through mine the and ours: exclusively several Deci, Facilitating of individual and Human group productivity and group goals. Decision Processes, motivation. Organizational 64: 138-150. New York: social across integration Behavior M. Kehr synthesizes on motivation by E. L. 1975. Intrinsic P. C. 1997. Face, Plenum. structure: cultures. An New of explicit and on motivation abilities perceived model. using a compensatory workplace answer some model intriguing, helps solved examining implicit motives in the Kehr’s unre Earley, of organizational analysis York: Oxford University Earley, P. C, and Erez, norms: models. M. and harmony, behavior Press. 1991. Time role Journal of dependency effects processing of on 76: individual questions concerning goal at tainment and why self-set goals may sometimes be nonmotivating. to the these papers contribute Throughout, research and theo long tradition of substantive in the field of work motiva retical development tion that benefit both organizational researchers and practicing alike. managers goals motivational 717-727. The cognitive of Applied Psychology, R. 1986. Rethinking Folger, tions model. In H. W. (Eds. ), Justice berg Plenum. Greenberg, and J. 1993. The informational equity Beirhoff, cogni theory: A referent R. L. Cohen, J. Green 145-162. New York: in social relations: social classes side of fairness: Interpersonal justice. Approach 79-103. In R. Cropanzano ing fairness (Ed. ), Justice in human or organizational in the workplace: management: Associates. resources Erlbaum G. R. of a REFERENCES Adams, S. J. 1963. Towards of Abnormal and an Journal Alderfer, York: Allport, understanding Social Psychology, relatedness, and of inequity. 67: 422-436. New Hillsdale, Hackman, design ior and Herzberg, World Herzberg, tion Hull, faces: Kanfer, F. NJ: Lawrence J. R. f Oldham, of work: Human Test 1976. Motivation theory. Organizational 16: 250-279. Performance, and the nature of man. the through Behav C. P. Free G. W. 1972. Existence, Press. 1954. In G. The growth. 1966. Work Cleveland: Publishing. F. , Mausner, to work. New B. # Snyderman, York: Wiley. of behavior. B. 1959. The motiva historical psychology. chology. Ambrose, ment Atkinson, Van Bandura, M. Lindzey MA: Cambridge, L. , Kulik, research C. in T. background (Ed. ), Handbook of modern of social psy Addison-Wesley. 1999. Old 1990s. friends, Journal new C. L. 1943. Principles Century-Crofts. R. 1990. Motivation New York: Appleton Motivation the of Manage 25: 231-292. W. J. Nostrand. A. 1977a. Self-efficacy: change. 1977b. Social Toward a unifying 84: Review, Englewood theory of 191-215. Cliffs, 1964. Introduction to motivation. Princeton, NJ: izational psychology. of (Eds. ), Handbook chology: Press. Komaki, 75-170. Palo industrial and organ theory and In M. D. Dunnette L. D. Hough and organizational industrial psy Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists behavioral Bandura, A. Psychological learning J. 2003. Reinforcement theory at work: In L. W. theory. and NJ: Prentice-Hall. Bandura, York: Bendix, Wiley. R. S. , McQuaid, S. J. 1982. Role of subjective culture Bhagat, re in organizations: A review and directions for future search. of Applied 67: 653-685. Journal Psychology, R. D. 1976. Motivation in J. P. , Pritchard, Campbell, theory industrial and organizational In M. D. Dun psychology. nette of industrial and (Ed. ), Handbook organizational psychology: P. Cappelli, Business Cropanzano, zational 63-130. 1999. The School Chicago: new deal Rand McNally. Boston: Harvard R. A. 1997. Self-efficacy: Freeman. 956. Worlr and The exercise of control. New what explaining R. M. Steers Bigley, ior (7th ed. ): 95-113. do. employees (Eds. ), Motivation Burr Ridge, Porter, Enhancing G. A. behav and work IL: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. authority in industry. New York: K. 1938. The conceptual Lewin, surement of psychological Press. University Locke, E. A. incentives. mance, Locke, E. A. 1968. Towards Organi zational 3: 157-189. 1996. Motivation and Preventive a and the mea representation forces. NC: Duke Durham, of theory Behavior task motivation and Human and Perfor through Psychology, conscious Applied Locke, goal 5: 117-124. etting. E. A. , Latham, task performance. G. P. 1990. A Englewood case theory Cliffs, of goal setting NJ: Prentice-Hall. and at work. Press. Luthans, F. 2001. The Issues ior. Current Maslow, A. H. for positive in Management: and organizational 1(1): 10-21. personality. New behav D. E. 2003. An overview of organi for work In motivation. justice: Implications L. W. Porter, G. A. Bigley, R. M. Steers (Eds. ), Motivation and work behavior IL: Irwin/ (7th ed. ): 82-95. Burr Ridge, McGraw-Hill. R. , Rupp, 1954. Motivation York: Harper Mayo, E. Row. 1933. The human problems York: Macmillan. f an industrial civiliza tion. New 386 Academy of Management Review July E. L. 2000. of intrinsic Self-determination motivation, social and McClelland, Van McClelland, York: D. C. Nostrand. D. C. General W. 1961. The achieving society. Princeton, NJ: Ryan, R. M. , Deci, the facilitation and B. F. theory 1971. Assessing Press. Learning introduction human motivation. New ment, Skinner, well-being. 1953. Science American and human Psychologist behavior. develop 55: 68-78. New York: McDougall, London: 1908. An to social psychology. Macmillan. A. D. , Luthans, Stajkovic, related performance: 124: 240-261. Bulletin, Stajkovic, and A. D. , Luthans, F. 1998. Self-efficacy and work A meta-analysis. Psychological Methuen. D. 1960. The human side of enterprise. New York: McGregor, McGraw-Hill. Mitchell, T. R. 1997. Matching motivational Research contexts. organizational 19: 57-94. havior, Mitchell, D. T. R. , Daniels, R. Klimoski Volume 225-254. strategies in Organizational with Be F. 2003. self-efficacy: Implications In L. W. G. Porter, practice. (Eds. ), Motivation Burr Ridge, and work IL: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Porter, L. W. Social cognitive theory for motivation theory and A. Bigley, R. M. Steers (7th ed. ): 126-140. D. 2002. Motivation. InW. Borman, handbook behavior Ilgen, of psychology. psychology: W. Mobley, between nal H. (Eds. ), Comprehensive 12: Industrial and organizational New York: Wiley. linkages and employee 62: 237-240. Steers, R. M. , 1974. The role of attributes letin, Steers, 1977. Intermediate job satisfaction Psychology, in the relationship turnover. Jour in employee 81: 434-452. Rhodes, performance. Psychological task-goal Bul R. M. , S. R. of Applied ployee to of attendance: A process 1978. Major model. influences Journal on em of Applied reactions K. A. 2003. Employee R. T. , Colwell, Mowday, in the workplace: outcomes The contributions unfair to understanding Adams’ work motivation. equity theory In L. W. vation Porter, and Psychology, Steers, and 63: 391-407. C. 2001. Culture, motivation, (Eds. ), Lon R. M. , Sanchez-Runde, work behavior. In M. Gannon K. Newman 190-215. R. M. Steers G. A. Bigley, (Eds. ), Moti IL: work behavior (7th ed. ): 65-82. Burr Ridge, Handbook don: of cross-cultural management: Blackwell. evaluations of four mod Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Mowday, R. T. , Porter, L. W. , Steers, R. M. 1982. Employee of commitment, York: Academic P. D. , McFarlin, D. B. 1993. Workers’ Sweeney, An examination of the â€Å"ends† and â€Å"means†: els of distributive Behavior and and procedural Human Decision organization absenteeism, Press. The psychology linkages: turnover. New and tional 40. in personality. New York: Taylor, Thorndike, millan. Thurow, F. justice. Organiza 53: 23 Processes, H. A. 1938. Exploration Murray, Press. Oxford University Organ, good Pinder, C. D. W. 1911. Scientific E. L. management. intelligence. New York: New Harper. Mac The behavior: 1988. Organizational citizenship MA: Lexington soldier Books. Lexington, syndrome. 1998. Work Saddle motivation in organizational NJ: Prentice-Hall. R. M. Burr behavior. 1911. Animal York: L. 1992. Head Japan, to head: Europe, The and Upper Porter, and River, L. W. , work G. A. , Steers, Bigley, behavior (7th ed. ): 2003. Motivation Ridge, IL: Irwin/ among Morrow. Tolman, economic coming America. New battle York: McGraw-Hill. Porter, L. W. , Lawler, E. E. 1968. Managerial IL: Irwin. J. R. attitudes and S. Koch behavior. In 1959. Principle of purposive A study of science, vol. 2: 239 (Ed. ), Psychology: 261. New York: McGraw-Hill. H. C. and 1995. Motivation individualistic and cultures. n motivation CT: and JAI Press. New G. and York: Wiley. 1976. The Human equity Perfor achievement In M. Maehr and in collec P. Pin E. C. performance. Porter, L. W. , Homewood, Lawler, Triandis, 1975. Behavior in tivist trich vol. work, absenteeism. and Vroom, Weick, and Press. E. E. , Hackman, New York: McGraw-Hill. R. M. organizations. Porter, L. W. , (Eds. ), Advances 9: 1-30. Greenw ich, achievement, Steers, factors personal Psychological Roethlisberger, the worker. 1973. Organizational, in employee turnover and 80: 151-176. W. MA: V. H. 1964. Work motivation. Bulletin, F. , Dickson, Cambridge, K. E. Bougon, context. M. G. , Maruyama, Behavior J. 1939. Management Harvard University mance, Organizational 15: 32-65. Richard College California cultural Richard quist M. Steers is the Kazumitsu University His current Shiomi of Oregon. research Professor He received of Business, at Irvine. of Management his Ph. D. from in the Lundquist the University of and cross focuses on employee motivation management. T. Mowday is the Gerald B. Bashaw Professor of Management received his and research in the Lund Ph. D. on from leadership the of Business, College at of California University in organizations. University Irvine and He of Oregon. focuses his teaching Steers, Mowday, and Shapiro Debra ment L. Shapiro, the Willard Graham of Manage Professor formerly Distinguished at UNC-Chapel is now professor of management in the and organization Hill, R. H. Smith School at College of Business, of Maryland Park, and a member University of the Academy of Management’s Board of Governors. She her Ph. D. received from conflict Her University. in organizations that the cross-cultural challenges research tend of managing focuses on issues regarding employee how to motivate to manage behaviors and Northwestern unproductive conflict effectively. How to cite The Future of Work Motivation Theory, Essay examples

Quality Management for Product Part Approval- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theQuality Managementfor Product Part Approval Process. Answer: Recommendation Product Part Approval Process (PPAP) can be used as a tool to ensure quality of the new innovative products. The steps of this process are, Figure 1: Steps of PPAP (Source: Doshi and Desai 2016) A SMART plan is provided below to recommend how these steps can be implemented to ensure quality of new innovative products. Specific Planning phase: It phase will be performed by research and technology department. It will begin with corporate strategy which will include the evaluation of technology department and market objectives. As an output of this stage, specific project mission statement will be gained that will specify market for the product, quality and constraints. Measureable Concept development: Target market of the product will be measured in this phase along with alternative product concepts. For creativity, one of more concepts will be tested (Nanda 2016). Based on the tests, it will be easy to measure which concept will produce an innovative and quality product. Achievable Detail Design: Once the concept is selected, detailed design of the new product can be achieved. It will be done by refining industrial design and finding out suppliers for primary components. Realistic Testing and Refinement: This phase includes construction and assessment of prototypes of the product. It will help the development team to test the reliability, creativity, quality, performance and lifetime of the product (Nirupama et al. 2013). Through this step, development will understand whether the product is creative or not and whether it will deliver quality to the consumers or not (Lafayette et al. 2017). Times Production ramp: Once testing is done, the last step will include the process of entire manufacturing system. Workers will be trained in this phase for at least one month. Problems in the production method will be identified within 1 week. The first bunch of new product will be launched in the market within two months. Conclusion This report has highlighted the existing practices of quality management in the service industry along with the issues and future trends of quality management. From this report, it is found that companies under retail industry are several strategies to maintain quality management. In this report some of those strategies are discussed such as supply chain management, quality assurance and traceability lucidity of products. However, this report also displays some issues faced by the companies while maintaining quality management. The biggest issue is the desire of the consumers for creativity and new products. Customers are continuously looking for new products and innovative products. In order to gain competitive advantage, companies are frequently introducing new products; however, quality of the products is getting hampered. If quality is not up to the mark then the companies will not be able meet consumer expectations. Therefore, it was required to implement a process that will en sure quality and will allow developing innovative products. In the recommendation part, a recommendation is provided in the form of SMART analysis that will help the service companies to manufacture innovative and quality products which will fulfill the expectations of the consumers. Reference List Doshi, J.A. and Desai, D.A., 2016. Role of Production Part Approval Process in Continuous Quality Improvement and Customer Satisfaction. InInternational Journal of Engineering Research in Africa(Vol. 22, pp. 174-183). Trans Tech Publications. Nirupama, M.K., Kumar, V. and Shivaprakash, D., 2013. DESIGNING THE PRODUCTION PART APPROVAL PROCESS (PPAP) TO REDUCE THE TOTAL LEAD TIME. Nanda, V., 2016.Quality management system handbook for product development companies. CRC Press. Lafayette, M., Li, Z.S. and Webster, S., 2017, January. A risk assessment method for production part approval process. InReliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS), 2017 Annual(pp. 1-4). IEEE.

The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay Example For Students

The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers were mostly the product of two young men: Alexander Hamilton of New York, age 32, and James Madison of Virginia, age 36. Both men sometimes wrote four papers in a single week. An older scholar, John Jay, later named as first chief justice of the Supreme Court, wrote five of the papers. Hamilton, who had been an aide to Washington during the Revolution, asked Madison and Jay to help him in this project. Their purpose was to persuade the New York convention to ratify the just-drafted Constitution. We will write a custom essay on The Federalist Papers And Federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They would separately write a series of letters to New York newspapers, under the pseudonym, Publius. In the letters they would explain and defend the Constitution. Hamilton started the idea and outlined the sequence of topics to be discussed, and addressed most of them in fifty-one of the letters. Madisons Twenty-nine letters have proved to be the most memorable in their balance and ideas of governmental power. It is not clear whether The Federalist Papers, written between October 1787 and May 1788 had any effect on New Yorks and Virginias ratification of the Constitution. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Federalism as, ;A mode of political organization that unites independent states within a larger political framework while still allowing each state to maintain its own political integrity (712). Having just won a revolution against an oppressive monarchy, the American colonists were in willing to replace it with another monarchy style of government. On the other hand, their experience with the disorganization under the Articles of Confederation, due to unfair competition between the individual states, made them a little more receptive to an increase in national powers. A number of Federalist Papers argued that a new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere was possible. The Papers were themselves a balance or compromise between the nationalist ideas of Hamilton, who wrote more for the commercial interests of New York, and the uneasiness of Madison, who shared the skepticism of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. In American Government and Politics Today, Madison proposed that, instead of the absolute sovereignty of each state under the Articles of Confederation. The states would retain a residual sovereignty in all areas which did not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution, he argued, symbolized the concept of federalism (77). He said: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a national but a federal act (qtd in American 85). The Federalist Papers also provide the first specific mention we have of the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse. Both Hamilton and Madison regarded this as the most powerful form of government. As conceived, popularly elected House of Representatives would be checked and balanced by a more conservative Senate picked by state legislatures. (in 1913 the 17th Amendment changed this to the popular election of senators). Hamilton observed in letter number 78 that, A democratic assembly is to be checked by a democratic senate and both these by a democratic chief magistrate (318). In what many historians agree is his most brilliant essay, number 78. Hamilton defended the Supreme Courts right to rule upon the constitutionality of laws passed by national or state legislatures. This historically crucial power of judicial review, he argued, was an appropriate check on the legislature, ;The pestilential breath of faction may poison the fountains of justice; (317). Hamilton rejected the British system of allowing the Parliament to override by majority vote any court decision it finds to its dislike. ;The courts of justice are to be considered the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments; (318). Only the difficult process of amending the Constitution or the gradual transformation of its members to another viewpoint, could reverse the Supreme Courts interpretation of that document. In the most original of The Federalist Papers, Number 10. Madison addressed this double challenge. .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .postImageUrl , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:hover , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:visited , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:active { border:0!important; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:active , .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44 .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u60eb181a68d7d9f1d981ae3e73cfdc44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Justice Billy Budd Essay His main concern was the need, To break and control the violence of faction (36). Meaning political parties. He regarded political partys as the greatest danger to popular government. Madison wrote: I understand a number of citizens are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. These passions or interests that endanger the rights of others may be . The Federalist Papers and Federalism Essay Example For Students The Federalist Papers and Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers were mostly the product of two young men: Alexander Hamilton of New York, age 32, and James Madison of Virginia, age 36. Both men sometimes wrote four papers in a single week. An older scholar, John Jay, later named as first chief justice of the Supreme Court, wrote five of the papers. Hamilton, who had been an aide to Washington during the Revolution, asked Madison and Jay to help him in this project. Their purpose was to persuade the New York convention to ratify the just-drafted Constitution. They would separately write a series of letters to New York newspapers, under the pseudonym, Publius. In the letters they would explain and defend the Constitution. Hamilton started the idea and outlined the sequence of topics to be discussed, and addressed most of them in fifty-one of the letters. Madisons Twenty-nine letters have proved to be the most memorable in their balance and ideas of governmental power. It is not clear whether The Federalist Papers, written between October 1787 and May 1788 had any effect on New Yorks and Virginias ratification of the Constitution. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Federalism as, A mode of political organization that unites independent states within a larger political framework while still allowing each state to maintain its own political integrity (712). We will write a custom essay on The Federalist Papers and Federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Having just won a revolution against an oppressive monarchy, the American colonists were in willing to replace it with another monarchy style of government. On the other hand, their experience with the disorganization under the Articles of Confederation, due to unfair competition between the individual states, made them a little more receptive to an increase in national powers. A number of Federalist Papers argued that a new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere was possible. The Papers were themselves a balance or compromise between the nationalist ideas of Hamilton, who wrote more for the commercial interests of New York, and the uneasiness of Madison, who shared the skepticism of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. In American Government and Politics Today, Madison proposed that, instead of the absolute sovereignty of each state under the Articles of Confederation. The states would retain a residual sovereignty in all areas which did not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution, he argued, symbolized the concept of federalism (77). He said: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a national but a federal act (qtd in American 85). The Federalist Papers also provide the first specific mention we have of the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse. Both Hamilton and Madison regarded this as the most powerful form of government. As conceived, popularly elected House of Representatives would be checked and balanced by a more conservative Senate picked by state legislatures. (in 1913 the 17th Amendment changed this to the popular election of senators). Hamilton observed in letter number 78 that, A democratic assembly is to be checked by a democratic senate and both these by a democratic chief magistrate (318). In what many historians agree is his most brilliant essay, number 78. Hamilton defended the Supreme Courts right to rule upon the constitutionality of laws passed by national or state legislatures. This historically crucial power of judicial review, he argued, was an appropriate check on the legislature, The pestilential breath of faction may poison the fountains of justice (317). Hamilton rejected the British system of allowing the Parliament to override by majority vote any court decision it finds to its dislike. The courts of justice are to be considered the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments (318). Only the difficult process of amending the Constitution or the gradual transformation of its members to another viewpoint, could reverse the Supreme Courts interpretation of that document. In the most original of The Federalist Papers, Number 10. Madison addressed this double challenge. .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .postImageUrl , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:hover , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:visited , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:active { border:0!important; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:active , .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4 .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufe50d34b10a83f71dca804adc71263c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Provisional Voting Essay His main concern was the need, To break and control the violence of faction (36). Meaning political parties. He regarded political partys as the greatest danger to popular government. Madison wrote: I understand a number of citizens are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. These passions or interests that endanger the rights . The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay Example For Students The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers And Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers were mostly the product of two young men: Alexander Hamilton of New York, age 32, and James Madison of Virginia, age 36. Both men sometimes wrote four papers in a single week.An older scholar, John Jay, later named as first chief justice of the Supreme Court, wrote five of the papers.Hamilton, who had been an aide to Washington during the Revolution, asked Madison and Jay to help him in this project.Their purpose was to persuade the New York convention to ratify the just-drafted Constitution. We will write a custom essay on The Federalist Papers And Federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They would separately write a series of letters to New York newspapers, under the pseudonym, Publius.In the letters they would explain and defend the Constitution. Hamilton started the idea and outlined the sequence of topics to be discussed, and addressed most of them in fifty-one of the letters. Madisons Twenty-nine letters have proved to be the most memorable in their balance and ideas of governmental power. It is not clear whether The Federalist Papers, written between October 1787 and May 1788 had any effect on New Yorks and Virginias ratification of the Constitution. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Federalism as, A mode of political organization that unites independent states within a larger political framework while still allowing each state to maintain its own political integrity (712). Having just won a revolution against an oppressive monarchy, the American colonists were in willing to replace it with another monarchy style of government.On the other hand, their experience with the disorganization under the Articles of Confederation, due to unfair competition between the individual states, made them a little more receptive to an increase in national powers. A number of Federalist Papers argued that a new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere was possible.The Papers were themselves a balance or compromise between the nationalist ideas of Hamilton, who wrote more for thecommercial interests of New York, and the uneasiness of Madison, who shared the skepticism of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. InAmerican Government and Politics Today, Madison proposed that, instead of the absolute sovereignty of each state under the Articles of Confederation.The states would retain a residual sovereignty in all areas which did not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution, he argued, symbolized the concept of federalism (77).He said: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a national but a federal act (qtd in American 85). The Federalist Papers also provide the first specific mention we have of the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse. Both Hamilton and Madison regarded this as the most powerful form of government.Asconceived, popularly elected House of Representatives would be checked and balanced by a more conservative Senate picked by state legislatures.(in 1913 the 17th Amendment changed this to the popular election of senators).Hamilton observed .. in letter number 78 that, A democratic assembly is to be checked by a democratic senate and both these by a democratic chief magistrate (318). In what many historians agree is his most brilliant essay, number 78. Hamilton defended the Supreme Courts right to rule upon the constitutionality of laws passed by national or state legislatures.This historically crucial power ofjudicial review,he argued, was an appropriate check on the legislature, The pestilential breath of faction may poison the fountains of justice (317). Hamilton rejected the British system of allowing the Parliament to override by majority vote any court decision it finds to its dislike. The courts of justice are to be considered the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments (318).Only the difficult process of amending the Constitution or the gradual transformation of its members to another viewpoint, could reverse the Supreme Courts interpretation of that document. In the most original of The Federalist Papers, Number 10. Madison addressed this double challenge. His main concern was the need, To break and control the violence of faction (36). .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .postImageUrl , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:hover , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:visited , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:active { border:0!important; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:active , .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791 .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u175eb25aa2e98d94cf050615672e6791:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drunk driving EssayMeaning political parties.He regarded political partys as the greatest danger to popular government.Madison wrote: I understand a number of citizens are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. These passions or interests that endanger the rights of others may be religious or political or, most often, economic. Factions may divide along lines of haves and have-nots, creditors and debtors, or according to the kinds . The Federalist Papers and Federalism Essay Example For Students The Federalist Papers and Federalism Essay The Federalist Papers were mostly the product of two young men: Alexander Hamilton of New York, age 32, and James Madison of Virginia, age 36. Both men sometimes wrote four papers in a single week. An older scholar, John Jay, later named as first chief justice of the Supreme Court, wrote five of the papers. Hamilton, who had been an aide to Washington during the Revolution, asked Madison and Jay to help him in this project. Their purpose was to persuade the New York convention to ratify the just-drafted Constitution. They would separately write a series of letters to New York newspapers, under the pseudonym, Publius. In the letters they would explain and defend the Constitution. Hamilton started the idea and outlined the sequence of topics to be discussed, and addressed most of them in fifty-one of the letters. Madisons Twenty-nine letters have proved to be the most memorable in their balance and ideas of governmental power. It is not clear whether The Federalist Papers, written between October 1787 and May 1788 had any effect on New Yorks and Virginias ratification of the Constitution. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Federalism as, A mode of political organization that unites independent states within a larger political framework while still allowing each state to maintain its own political integrity (712). We will write a custom essay on The Federalist Papers and Federalism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Having just won a revolution against an oppressive monarchy, the American colonists were in willing to replace it with another monarchy style of government. On the other hand, their experience with the disorganization under the Articles of Confederation, due to unfair competition between the individual states, made them a little more receptive to an increase in national powers. A number of Federalist Papers argued that a new kind of balance, never achieved elsewhere was possible. The Papers were themselves a balance or compromise between the nationalist ideas of Hamilton, who wrote more for the commercial interests of New York, and the uneasiness of Madison, who shared the skepticism of distant authority widely held by Virginia farmers. In American Government and Politics Today, Madison proposed that, instead of the absolute sovereignty of each state under the Articles of Confederation. The states would retain a residual sovereignty in all areas which did not require national concern. The very process of ratification of the Constitution, he argued, symbolized the concept of federalism (77). He said: This assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as composing the distinct and individual States to which they respectively belong The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a national but a federal act (qtd in American 85). The Federalist Papers also provide the first specific mention we have of the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse. Both Hamilton and Madison regarded this as the most powerful form of government. As conceived, popularly elected House of Representatives would be checked and balanced by a more conservative Senate picked by state legislatures. (in 1913 the 17th Amendment changed this to the popular election of senators). Hamilton observed in letter number 78 that, A democratic assembly is to be checked by a democratic senate and both these by a democratic chief magistrate (318). In what many historians agree is his most brilliant essay, number 78. Hamilton defended the Supreme Courts right to rule upon the constitutionality of laws passed by national or state legislatures. This historically crucial power of judicial review, he argued, was an appropriate check on the legislature, The pestilential breath of faction may poison the fountains of justice (317). Hamilton rejected the British system of allowing the Parliament to override by majority vote any court decision it finds to its dislike. The courts of justice are to be considered the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments (318). Only the difficult process of amending the Constitution or the gradual transformation of its members to another viewpoint, could reverse the Supreme Courts interpretation of that document. In the most original of The Federalist Papers, Number 10. Madison addressed this double challenge. .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .postImageUrl , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:hover , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:visited , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:active { border:0!important; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:active , .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606 .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub90ae982da9b5da552dfc17116e3f606:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adolecent Behavior In The School Environment Essay His main concern was the need, To break and control the violence of faction (36). Meaning political parties. He regarded political partys as the greatest danger to popular government. Madison wrote: I understand a number of citizens are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. These passions or interests that endanger .

The Most Popular Macy’s Interview Questions

The Most Popular Macy’s Interview Questions So you have an interview at Macy’s, likely for a retail position. Regardless of exactly what your role would be in the corporation, the rules of interview preparation are fairly standard. The first thing you’ll want to do is ready yourself  to answer the  interview questions that might come your way. Below, we’ve compiled some of the most popular from Macy’s interviews in the past. Prepare answers to as many as possible and practice, practice, practice before the big day. 1. â€Å"Why do you want to work at Macy’s?†If you don’t have an answer to this, you’re sunk. Oh, and your answer definitely can’t be: â€Å"I just really need a job.† Do some research into the company and come up with one or two things you really value or respect. Use this question as an opportunity to show your passion for the job you’re interviewing for, and to show them your commitment to their brand.2. â€Å"Why should we hire you ?†Having thoroughly digested the job posting, you’ll be prepared to explain exactly why you are perfect for this job- and in the very terms they put forth in the listing. You could try and also sell yourself to them as the ideal Macy’s customer, and show that you are already aware of their customers’ needs, making you  an extremely effective potential salesperson.3. â€Å"Describe an ideal customer service interaction.†Really have an answer for this. If you want to work in retail- or do already- chances are you have experience and with a bit of thought can come up with an insightful, honest answer about how you personally view customer service ideals. Remember to emphasize closing your sales, keeping the customer happy, getting the customer to return, going the extra mile, etc.- all the usual things you know to be successful retail strategies.4. â€Å"What is your favorite thing about fashion?†This is your opportunity to show your interview er again that you share interests with the company and would be an asset to their team. Talk about what fashion means to you, then make sure to pivot to how Macy’s is an ideal in this respect.5. â€Å"How would you handle an upset customer?†You might get this question or a more specific version, involving a particular scenario. Have a general answer prepared, but also be ready on your feet in case your interviewer asks how you would handle a specific situation. If you have your ideals and policies firmly in mind, you should be fine.6. â€Å"How would you go about selling me a Macy’s credit card?†You’ve been asked at check-out, probably multiple times. How would you do it? Keep in mind you’ll be required to and you’ll likely be rated on your ability to do so- this is a priority of your potential boss. Put yourself in the customers’ shoes and think what strategy would work best on you!7. â€Å"Why do you want this job?†Thi s question might be another way of asking why you want to work at Macy’s. Or it could be more specific. Why do you want this job?  Go through the posting word for word and have an answer prepared as to why you are a particularly good fit for this particular position. Emphasize how you could be an asset to the company and you can’t go wrong.8. â€Å"Talk about a time you led a team.†If your position involves any leadership, expect this to come up. Have a good anecdote prepared for a successful leadership role you assumed. Explain the outcome, what you learned, and how you plan to do even better in your next opportunity.These questions are based on actual questions Macy’s interviewees have been asked. Remember that any variants on these are fair game, as well as more specific, scenario-based questions you could not necessarily anticipate. Do your homework, ready your spiel, and be prepared for anything. Sell yourself as passionate about what you do (and, of course, about Macy’s as a company), and you’ll do fine.

Supply and Demand of Online Music Streaming Essay - 1

Supply and Demand of Online Music Streaming - Essay Example Also, this mode of online streaming is much preferred over the illegal mods of accessing pirated versions of music because this is a legalized form of distribution. There are three main types of demands noted in the online streaming industry. The fans who prefer free audio show high relative elastic demand, the fans who are interested to pay a small amount of fees for streaming audio contents display a mild relative elastic demand in this industry and the fans who are interested to pay any amount for listening to their favourite audio contents account for the highly relative inelastic demand in the online streaming industry (Liebowitz, 2006). Not only the published contents but also electronic musical festivals which are difficult for every person to attend are seeing high popularity of online streaming, As the suppliers try to drive the prices of online streaming, this is also supported by the increasing demand of online streaming by different groups of fans. The market forces have shifted the demand curve towards a steeper trend because the changing landscapes of this industry and digital contents industry have made it favourable for online audio streaming (Krueger, 2005). Also, the increasing threat of content piracy to the considered industry has made the suppliers in this industry support the growth and popularity of online streaming of audio. The streaming of music festivals, rock concerts as well as live playing by musicians have seen an aggregate increase in demands over the recent years.

Summary paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary paper - Essay Example differs from one hospital to another, and the definite implementation procedure differs depending on the available resources and individual, as well as the kind of the institution in which the RRT is being implemented. Physicians are not included in RRT because they are present in house and we have physician coverage for all patients on the nursing units. A number of pieces had to be put in place for the program to succeed in preparation for implementation of the RRT: staff meetings to elucidate the role of the members of the RRT, a pilot test to project the number of RRT calls, and education of hospital-based care providers and community physicians. A light patient assignment for the nurse who is assigned to the RRT is recommended by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Monthly data for the RRT is reviewed by the champions of the implementation procedure in collaboration with the health care quality department. The number and nature of RRT call, the number of codes, and the duration of RRT calls are included in the monthly data. Several modifications to optimize the RRT program were made on the basis of outcomes (Scott et al. 67). The mean duration of the RRT calls has been 53 minutes, but the mean number of call per 24 hours is still merely two. The RRT nurse revisits the nurses who started the call to address any questions that nurse may still have in addition to the time needed for the RRT call. Alternating RRT coverage between the ICU and the cardiac ICU was the other change made after the implementation of RRT. The documentation form developed initially for the RRT calls have been adjusted several times on the basis of feedback from the nurses who used the form. The number of RRT calls reduced in 2006 following the initial implementation of the RRT. This reduction is attributed to the waning consciousness of the presence of RRT support among staff. The number of calls increased when we implemented existing, multi-prolonged communication program to

Movement of substances across the cell membrane Assignment

Movement of substances across the cell membrane - Assignment Example In the hypertonic and hypotonic solutions, more water molecules repeatedly strike the cell membrane from the side with a high solute concentration, meaning that more water molecules will be forced to pass through the pores of the semi-permeable membrane (Sperelakis, 2001). As a result of this, the water molecules move from the side with high water concentration to the side with a low water concentration until the two sides are equally concentrated. The final solution is called an isotonic solution. Looking at the cell membrane itself, it can be seen that its composition allows for the selective movement of only certain substances. The osmotic pressure in the different cells ensures that the process of osmosis is continued until all the cells in the organism are of equal concentrations. As already mentioned, the semi permeability of the cell membrane allows only for the passage of certain particles, and in the case of the organism, it only allows for the passage of water molecules. Th is means that the process of osmosis is used to equalize the concentration of solutions in the body cells and their environment.   b.  Phagocytosis One of the other process by which cell movement is achieved is through phagocytosis, which is the process by which cells engulf foreign particles and ingest them by virtue of their power of amoeboid movement (Sperelakis, 2001). The movement due to phagocytosis is two way, from the point at which the cell moves towards the invading organism to the point when the organism is engulfed into the cell. In most organisms, this process was used for nutrition, but higher organisms have developed it to be used for other functions like fighting disease in the body. In the process, the cell is attracted towards the microbe that needs to be ingested through a process of chemotaxia, which means that the microbe is identified through a chemical signature that attracts the cell. This process is called activation of

Development And Implementation Of Business Strategy Marketing Essay

Development And Implementation Of Business Strategy Marketing Essay The purpose of this paper is to critically discuss the strategic methods Bavarian Motor Works (BMW Group) applied to become one of the major leading automobile brand today. With reference of BMW automobiles Case Study by Mr. Valeriano Lencioni, I will further examine what happened with the company, what are the different business strategy approaches the company could use to overpower the high competition in the automobile industry, and what is in the future for the company. Like any other business companies, BMW went through rough time when they continuously keep on losing their market share and with the presence of tight competition, everything would have been unsuccessful. With the use of business strategies, BMW was able to determine what went wrong and what they could do to survive the pressure in the industry. Organisations in a similar environment are not identical but have different capabilities. BMW has strategic advantages that sets them apart from its competitors. BMWs resources and competences developed over years for the company to survive and grow. Every company needs a foundation to continuously keep up with its changing environment and with competition. Presently, BMW is a multi-billion company that manufactures several of the best-known cars in the market. BMW has gone way far ahead from its competitors even with the pressure from competition and still manage to survive and even growing and expanding globally. What are these business strategies BMW applied all these years to get there on top? How did the company even manage to be one of the biggest car manufacturers in the present time knowing the company went bankrupt in the year 1961? What is happening in the automobile industry and what is the position of BMW in the competition? Will it still manage to survive in the future? What are the challenges in store for the company for the next 10 years? BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AND MAIN TRENDS IN 2004 The global car market started decline in 2003, led by the drop in the market in North America and Western Europe. Other regions of the world led by East Asia are seeing further car market expansion in 2003. In 2004, projections for livelier economic growth strengthen the continuation of car market growth in Western Europe and North America. Although how laws can get stricter and how badly it can affect the companies earnings, it also develop new technologies and markets. Another major external factor affecting the current situation of BMW is that industry structure is becoming more intense. BMW is a business which could face problems in the future if it doesnt take into consideration strategic alliances. Although, the problem was that the economy in North America and Western Europe has been affected by the overcapacity in the automobile industry. It became a global economic instability as consumers from the said part of the world decided to reduce spending on non essential goods. There was lower car demand and so, sales was automatically affected. The automobile industry is becoming more and more competitive, with 6 major groups which have recently formed. Car manufacturing presently is largely affected by external social and environmental pressures, which influence both current production practices and the development of future products and technologies. Environmental standards are mostly set by government regulation and even associations within the automobile industry. These acts aim to as anti-emission laws get stricter every year, and companies look to double or triple their fuel efficiency, alternative technologies are being developed to replace the traditional gasoline engines, and have started to hit the market. Increased fuel-economy and decreasing vehicle weight are gradual changes that slowly improve automobile performance; disruptive technologies include new fuel sources such as electricity, solar energy, and fuel cells. Please refer to Appendix III: UK car production in Year 2003. Within the automobile industry, it had too many difficulties and the players in this field have experienced the troubles of surviving. The change is needed as equity prices drops and geopolitical tensions arised, including the related threat to oil prices, all having a negative impact on the economy. Increasing the safety standards for automobiles also mean that nowadays cars take longer time to be developed and manufacturers should now focus on pre-marketing activities, making cars look more desirable to consumers due to their safety. Competitive forces determine the market power of competitors, the kind of competition they engage in, the factors that give some of them a competitive advantage, and the attractiveness of that market compared to others. BMW GROUP Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft (BMW) or Bavarian Motor Works is a German automobile, motorcycle and engine manufacturing company founded in 1917. The BMW Group is now one of the ten largest car manufacturers in the world and, with its BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce brands, possesses three of the strongest premium brands in the car industry. The group also has a strong market position in the motorcycle sector and operates a successful financial services business. The company aims to generate profitable growth and above-average returns by focusing on the premium segments of the international automobile markets. With this in mind, a wide-ranging product and market offensive was initiated in 2001, which has resulted in the BMW Group expanding its product range considerably and strengthening its worldwide market position. The companys brand is extremely strong and is associated with high performance, engineering excellence and innovation. Indeed, the BMW brand is often cited as on e of the best in the world, and the company continues to launch a stream of innovative products as part of its battle with German peer Mercedes to be the worlds largest luxury car maker. II. PESTEL Analysis for BMW; its impact and how these influenced its strategy Organisations, such as BMW, need to look into the macro environment in which they exist, as these factors will have an impact and influence upon their industry. The macro environment is broken up into six main categories forming the PESTEL analysis. Automobile manufacturers must identify and select the issues which are most important to their industry in order to conduct a valid external analysis. Political/ Legal Factors Trade barriers and restrictions, import tariffs and tax policies are critical factors to consider especially for global manufacturers as they can influence the pricing levels of their products in each market and affect the profitability of a company. Also, Environmental protection laws regarding the CO2 emissions; In 2007 the European Commission proposed binding rules to cut CO2 emissions on new cars to 130 gms/km and it shows Porsche whose cars have highest CO2 output fell 2% as a result and average BMW emissions drop to 170g/km. With the threat of legislation looming BMW has shown that even premium car makers can seriously reduce CO2, stated by Jos Dings, Transport and Environment Director. Please refer to Appendix IV: CO2 Emissions by Car Brand Economic Factors The overall economic health of the car industry will have a great effect on each of the industry players. Interest rates, exchange rates and the level of unemployment can also depress demand. Most importantly the level of consumers disposable income is a critical issue particularly for manufacturers such as BMW and Jaguar, who compete in the luxury car market, as an economic downturn can seriously damage sales and revenues. Socio-cultural Factors This is an important factor to consider especially with regard to the luxury car market such as BMW. The particular lifestyles of consumers determine which strategy the organisation should pursue in order to capture the needs of its market effectively. Levels of education also affect the industry, as a highly skilled labour force is required in order to produce high performance and excellently engineered cars. Other factors are the Population demographics, Income distribution, Social mobility, Attitudes to work and leisure and Environmental concern of the market. Technological With many organisations competing with one another innovation and technological developments can help differentiate the companys product. Years ago the level of technology that was available, limited and restricted the models and designs car manufacturers could produce. Nowadays, technology has significantly moved on and companies can deliver more and more to their customers resulting in fierce competition amongst industry players to stay ahead of the market and be the best. By incorporating the latest technology advancements, car producers can lead the market in this field and achieve a competitive advantage. Environmental Although not a major driving force, manufacturers must be aware of the advantages in producing cleaner cars as there is now greater emphasis on protecting the environment. BMW have taken this into consideration and launched their Hybrid model. The result is a reduction in fuel consumption by up to 20 per cent compared with a comparable BMW running on a combustion engine alone or it could be driven by electric power only, on the combustion engine alone, or with a combination of both power units. III. BMWs competitive advantage According to Mr Lencioni, the car market was already full of good quality cars and consumers found very few ways to distinguish between many of the available brands and models. Quality was no longer an issue in the industry since most models were well built and reliable. Design and Brand Appeal became the distinguishing elements and customers choice factors. Companies that had given attention to the look of their automobiles, even this strategy can only make small gains, rather than losing market share. With this realisation, Design became the biggest factor in the fight for market share, as this feature grabbed customers attention. And with this action, automobile companies had to hire the most talented car designers which leads to massive costs for the company as well as the car prices. Pursuing quality and appeal in design was putting pressure on companies resources, so was brand building and management. It had become clear that a brand identity was one of the most effective ways to be more competitive in an industry where more and more products came to the market. BMW brand which is the circular blue and white logo represents an aircraft propeller. As company grew, the emblem evolved as the white and blue colours of the flag of Bavaria. The logo has made it easier for people to remember and has given the company more recognition. The BMW logo represents power, stylish and elegance, thus making BMW much more competitive in the market. Please refer to Appendix V: BMW logo. Apart from brand and design, BMW has able to survive through developing strong customer knowledge, special levels of service and access to distribution channels. Another method we could clearly understand the competitive advantage of BMW is through its strength of five forces. Please refer to Appendix VI: The Five Forces that Shape Industry Competition. Threat of new entrants Analyse shows that threat for new entrants is low mainly due to huge capital and cutting-edge technology. Car industry is highly depended on their suppliers, because of advancement of technology and materials needed to build car. Even though all firms produce cars, no two firms are totally different and no two firms are exactly the same. Strategic group maps display different competitive positions that rival firms occupy. Based on Information contained in perceptual map it is easy to notice that more and more firms are going into all sort of alliances which help to offer more and more cheap cars. Additionally, there are many substitutes, but these decrease if the special features of material increase. Bargaining power of suppliers and buyers Overall suppliers are weak because they are spread all over the world and cannot easily integrate forward, however more and more companies move into close partnerships with suppliers, even by acquiring them in order to reduce costs and exclusivity. The buyer concentration ratio and information availability is high as well as ratio of firms producing cars, on the other hand the power of buyers is weak due to low demand for non-consumer goods- automobile, high switching costs and low ability to backward integrate. The threats of substitutes are moderately strong because there are many different and less expensive transportation facilities. On the other hand, intense rivalry is strong because the major players are dominant in the market by nearly same technology and manufacturing processes, suppliers relationship and distribution systems. The ease of differentiating cars and price based competition. BMW is looking at entering into alliances, joint ventures, partnerships as it is the safest way of securing a market share, product attractiveness and competitive prices. In a decision to purchase a BMW product or that of the competitor, an individual will be influenced by a group of people that he or she wants to join; people in a certain social class or in a certain income level. There are also three factors that affect the buyer behaviour that a marketer must consider; they are social, personal and psychological. It will therefore be highlighted how these factors affect the consumer behaviour and in turn how the consumer behaviour affects the buying decisions. Competitive rivalry within industry BMWs attractive product variations were a very good source of strength. BMW is having a repetition of building a driving machine that respond really good and enjoyably to their drivers commands whilst also providing the safety, style, quality, reliability, and durability that help make long term ownership. On the other hand BMWs factories are measured very supple and most dynamic in Germany utilising the latest technology in each phase of its value chain. All the above strengths and many others has places BMW in a good position with respect to the main strong competitors in terms of performance, features, dealer networks , foreign markets, for example Lexus, Mercedes-Benz or Cadillac where rivalry among these competitors increases when they compete globally in US car market, Europe and Eastern Europe and South-east Asia, but BMW strong brand is more costly to be switched especially for quality conscious customers which makes strong competitors. Please refer to Appendix VII: Global ve hicle production and financial performance 2005-2006. Threat of substitute products The global marketplace is in jeopardy by lower car demand in North America and Western Europe, both comparatively established car markets that have been badly impacted by high-energy prices and very less consumer response. The global automotive market is extremely competitive. Many large businesses operate on a worldwide scale. Competitors are constantly trying to find new technologies and markets to increase global market share. Recent years have seen globalisation and consolidation strategies increase by competitors resulting in competition intensifying. BMW faces strong competition worldwide in the luxury saloon market. Traditional competition, which has always been strong from Mercedes and Audi, has intensified with the emergence of Lexus as a major player, along came Fords new model, Lincoln. IV. The future challenges for BMW BMW has modernised model almost after every few months that might shift emphasis on getting a new model to market rather than focusing on issues that may develop with existing models, issues such as software, and mechanical problems. Reflecting this possibility, BMW stock shares have dropped 41% in year 2002 as it was relying too heavily on one model, the 1 Series to uphold its high edge. BMW also earning profits due to the strong sales of the loaded models of the Mini but need to diversify, or in other words not keep all their eggs in one basket. Although this can also be identified as strength it can also be a true weakness. Strong competition with the major players that BMW needs to look out for, Lexus, Mercedes-Benz, Audi, and even Cadillac. As an example, the Lexus RX300 SUV rivals the BMW X5; the Mercedes E-Class still outsells the BMW 5 Series worldwide; Audi 3, 6 and 8 Series compete directly with BMWs 3, 5 and 7 Series; Cadillac which has a whole new generation of models, leaving buyers with strong power in building preferences. The 1 series may weaken the BMW trademark with comparison to 7 Series buyers, the 1 Series models may be viewed as cheaper cars with less quality. It could also be viewed as a tactic for BMW to obtain higher sales volumes. V. The Global Business Environment A combination of strategic models and frameworks will be used to critically evaluate the competitive landscape of the car industry in order to identify the prevailing conditions in the wider environment and the dynamics of the industry that can ultimately impact and influence HONDA and BMW car manufacturers. Car industry represents oligopolistic type of market with differentiated product features, unrestricted but hard to force entry barriers, strong competition and few dominant firms that hold most of market share. Governments rely on the car sector as well as related suppliers and services in terms of employment, taxation, GDP and balance of payments. Demand fluctuations are appearing between country markets. Increase in taxations of production which represents significant government revenue. In 1980 there were thirty car manufactures, by 2000 this had fallen to thirteen where smaller manufactures (Saab, Rolls Royce, Jaguar, and Volvo) were bought by larger companies (General Motors, BMW, Ford) Changing the upstream supply chain as component suppliers split into layers and become total solution providers. Full cell technology will replace safety as the number one technology issue. The volume of traffic in many cities around the world is forcing governments to consider a range of road pricing, congestion charging, and car and petrol taxation measures to encourage more use of public transport, potentially reducing demand for cars. High competition encourages manufacturers to locate plants in low-wage countries (Hungary, Brazil, Romania) generating job loss and resentment in traditional car manufacturing countries (Britain, America) Global demand has also emerged extensively. Please refer to Appendix VIII: Development in global demand in from the year 2004 to 2012. VI. Development and implementation of Business Strategy The automotive industry is always seeing new legislation appearing on matters such as safety and the environment. For example legislation on end of life of vehicles changed practices of many car manufacturers in 2002 and 2003 regarding materials used in car manufacture and other factors. BMW successful competitive strategies are grounded on the brand representation of BMW as a constructive and powerful; BMW reflects typically style, high value, up-to-date manufacturing and good performance to an object audience. Customer Feelings BMW is perceived as Quality Company and therefore seen as producing quality products. As a result, it is accepted among customers that BMW might charge higher prices. The BMW Group stays in fifth place amongst the worlds car manufacturers. Based on the external challenges, opportunities and potential future trends in the industry BMW should consider technological innovations looking at government policies concerning environmental issues. BMW should consider product innovation to reduce toxic emissions and to develop more efficient engines such as full cell technology which will replace standard car engines. BMW should consider all opportunities and take advantage of its strengths. Looking at the macro environment BMW should carefully examine world sales of cars, customers behaviour and shift in economy such as interest rates. For BMW to stay ahead in terms of competition and remain gaining market share, the company should understand the increasing weight in the global automotive market in developing countries and emerging markets. Collaboration between companies should be maximised in order for BMW to remain competitive and create strong links with suppliers due to soaring prices for steel, aluminium, precious metals and plastic. Cross boarder alliances and mergers should be considered by BMW in order to draw near to the Asian car manufacturers. BMW has noted that sales of its 7-Series model are up in the US, the product has been met with less enthusiasm in Europe. As Germany remains the companys most important market, this may be classed as a risk. A commonly held view is the radical restyling of the 7-Series has failed to excite the traditional BMW driver. This may be especially worrying given the releases of the new 5- and 6-Series models, as they are believed to have undergone restyling as well. If the designs prove to be too innovative or radical, the companys short-term growth could be seriously impacted. The risks associated with the introduction of a number of new models into an underperforming segment are only likely to increase the threat of failure within the segment. Competitive Strategy fitting with the Maturing Automotive industry Looking on the Automotive Industry in general we can see that it is in a maturing life cycle, where nearly all potential buyers are already users of the industry products, demand consists mainly of replacement, with growth totally depends on the competing firms abilities to attract new buyers and convince existing buyers to upgrade their usage, also the critical success factor (CSF) is mainly the cost efficiency. Throughout the firms Industry Life Cycles (ILC) many challenges faces the BMW corporate managers that needs to tailor BMW strategy , these changes on the strategy called the Strategy Fit , essentially managers will depend on certain input factors which are weighted when choosing the best strategy to fit the current ILC, these factors that affects managers decisions in choosing the company strategy depends on the industry life cycle phase introduction, growth, mature, decline, focusing on maturing and growth ILC phases as they are related to the selected companies. Maturing i ndustries challenges are mainly the slow growth in demand which generates more head to head competition, buyer become more sophisticated more familiar with competing brands with hard bargaining due to repeated purchases, for BMW more focus is on service and price combination competition, challenge of innovating new product feature of find further use of the product current features to keep attracting buyers attention. VII. BMW Strategic Effectiveness in the Market BMW took good steps in driving the costs down by focusing on the design and production, it activates Operation activity in the value chain, although the shared component is a good idea for cost reduction, but also BMW high different in the prices of its product series could be an important factor in customer perception to the concept of the product features and design, perhaps focusing more on other cost reduction areas and avoid disturbance to customer perception can be a recommended option . Based on the research it is possible to distinguish customers who follow standard patterns; buying affordable but comfortable medium size cars, are those aged between 20 and 40 years old, regardless of the sex but dependant on income and household status. These clients tend to have more urbanised and settled lifestyle. On the other hand those at middle age, male with high income and preferences tend to pay fortunes regardless comfort, fuel usage or environment issues. With regards to a variety of car models it is impossible to aim at mass market just with standard type of car. More applicable is a differentiated marketing strategy like those developed by GM, Ford and Daimler Chrysler which target clients at high and low income and offers cars with separate marketing and mixed variables. This strategy favours merger and acquisitions to overcome mobility barriers and gain presence also in luxury car segment. Strategic success for BMW in maturing industries by introducing a wide selection of features in the products, enhancing the industry value chain for example increase use of advanced technology, integrate the suppliers by internet to streamline various value chain activities, drive down unit cost, developing more economical product design, increasing sales to present customers using promotions or more services, acquiring rival firms at bargain price, expanding internationally, adapting core competency according to customer requirements and expectations and pushing it towards distinctive competency where the firm better then rivals . As part of BMW strategy tailoring by developing more economical product design, and focusing more on the technology innovation that reduces the cost in the overall value chain, for example BMW has been using new technology called RoDip-3, it is a new method for pre-treatment of the electro coating vehicle bodies that provides many enhancements and reduce cost to this process as explained by Christoph Klocke from BMW group. The first of these new pre-treatment and electro coating plants to be installed anywhere in the world is now operating in BMW group. Being one of the market leaders, BMW was very successful in adapting its Sales strategy with customer new needs and new preferences, BMW offered the BMW financial service to facilitate the customer financial payments utilising the Internet technology and many payments facilities. VIII. Conclusion In order for BMW to compete effectively within their industry, they must first identify which issues are critical in achieving successful competitive strategies. Decisions concerning the direction and development of the company must take into consideration the whole range of external issues, which have been covered throughout this report. The significant factors affecting BMW have been raised and are summarised below. These issues are critical to BMWs success. Size of organisation There are many acquisitions and mergers between industry players and so a small sized companies such as BMW must understand their vulnerability have merged with other companies to fight off industry giants. Mass market organisations also need to achieve economies of scale to remain profitable, whereas for manufacturers in the luxury niche markets this is not as vital as they charge premium prices and achieve very high profit margins. Quality of resources High quality of resources can help companies achieve a competitive advantage over others. Quality is seen as a key success factors to becoming successful within the market. Technology and Innovation Customers are demanding newer products and developments in technology and innovation can achieve this. Using the latest technology will once again strengthen the companys competitive position in the marketplace. Strong Brand image BMW has and can continue to build up a strong brand image through high quality resources. This is essential in the automobile industry as it creates a unique position in the marketplace and builds up customer loyalty making it difficult for other competitors to steal market share. Differentiation This is the key to survival. Companies can either differentiate themselves on price or through their unique characteristics of their products. 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